Every wine is different, even the same wine will taste different on different days – this is probably the greatest thing about the beverage. With Coca-cola or Budweiser one knows what one is getting; it is the mystery of what will be inside that bottle that makes wine so exciting.
Decades ago not much was known about the chemistry contributing to a wine’s taste and smell, but as science has progressed so has our understanding of the chemistry behind the flavor. With the ability to isolate yeast strains much of the guess work has been taken out of winemaking. Now it’s common practice to add yeast nutrient so the fermentation takes place seamlessly, creating fewer “stinky” aromas. This all sounds great, but with every new technology terroir loses its place as the driving force behind a wine and gives way to lab coats.
Santa Ynez Valley
Recently we discovered what causes cork taint in a wine. It’s the presence of a compound known as trichloroanisole or TCA – when this is present in a wine it is undeniably flawed. Nobody wants to drink acidic basement water, which is in effect what the wine becomes. When a wine’s volatile acidity (VA) is high enough, aromas of vinegar or nail polish remover become prevalent, but elevated levels are pleasant before becoming obnoxious, and personal tastes vary on the amount of acceptable VA.
Other than these two flaws (which I would argue VA only is at extremely high levels), there is nothing else commonly found which causes me to deem a wine as flawed. Oxidation could be mentioned, but some wines are purposely oxidized. Brettanomyces is often considered a flaw in the new world, but the yeast and it’s byproducts are commonplace in some famous old world wines, and honestly, I like a little stink in my wine and there’s nothing wrong with that.
It is varying levels of compounds which were inherent to the grapes and the oak as well as those produced by yeast and bacteria which contribute to the uniqueness of a wine. To me all four of these factors combine to create the elusive terroir – but the trend has gone the way of creating predictable character by eliminating the last two factors. Commercial yeast strains may produce pleasant fruity esters, but an important piece of terroir is lost. Similarly, adding nutrient might help avoid a stinky fermentation, but shouldn’t the wine represent the nitrogen levels that are naturally present in the vineyard? A fermentation with native yeast and low nitrogen levels will likely produce higher levels of compounds such as Dimethyl Sulfide (DMS), which can cause aromas of cooked cabbage, canned corn, and Walla Walla terroir.
This particular compound was a subject of controversy last week when Kori of Wine Peeps wrote on her blog about sending a wine from Cayuse, a well known Walla Walla Valley winery, to ETS labs to test for flaws. She claims the results show that Cayuse is inherently flawed, due to higher than normal levels of DMS (312 micrograms per liter). She also notes that the VA was slightly above sensory threshold and the pH was “high” – although neither number was provided.
Walla Walla Valley
Yes, Cayuse wines do have a high pH, as do many red wines produced in Washington. I supposed this means that Christophe Baron could have dumped in a few kilograms of tartaric acid to compensate for the natural result of growing wine grapes in the Walla Walla Valley. And to prevent high levels of DMS he could have added a commercial yeast strain and nutrients to help along the fermentation.
Had Christophe done this I’m sure the wine would still be good, as his vineyards are nothing short of awesome, but they wouldn’t be the same. Cayuse is one of very few Washington (OK, technically Oregon) wineries creating a unique product that gets me excited. To suggest that these wines are flawed because they are different than his neighbors is exactly what I can’t stand about the current state of the wine industry. The numbers don’t matter – the wines are distinctive and many are among the best I’ve ever tasted. I highly doubt that Christophe is too concerned over this accusation, either. It’s unlikely the seven year waiting list for his wines will suddenly crumble – I know I’m not giving up my spot. Does this mean Christophe could declare, “I fought the flaw and the wine won”? That doesn’t work as well as I had hoped.
When the day comes where all wines are treated as chemistry projects the entire industry should be considered flawed, and I’ll start looking for a new career.
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P.S – thanks to Ben Simons of Vinotology for bringing this issue to my attention, and thanks to Ed Thralls of Wine Tonite! for taking my orphan chair. Not my chair, not my problem, that’s what I say.